Roto and paint

The Roto node does both shapes and paint. Open it (double-click) to get the toolbar in the viewer:

Select
Bezier, Ellipse, Rectangle, Open spline
Paint, Eraser
Clone, Reveal, Remove
Blur, Sharpen, Smear
Dodge, Burn

Every tool has its own button, in a column with a gap between these groups; in a short viewer the groups go on in a second column. Right-click a button to give it a key. S picks Bezier (spline) and P paint; pressing S again cycles the shape tools (bezier, ellipse, rectangle, open spline), as V does in Nuke. This page covers what is particular to JOS.

With Select or a shape tool on, the row above the viewer has AutoKey, the guides (all shapes, this shape, off: one on at a time), and buttons for what the point keys do: add point (while it is on, a click on a curve adds a point there), cusp, delete, and, while drawing, close straight and close smooth.

If Q hid the viewer's overlays, creating a Roto brings them back, so its toolbar and shapes show at once; Q hides them again. The same goes for the other nodes you draw in the viewer: SplineWarp, Vector Graphics, PlanarTracker, GridWarp, Tracker and CornerPinTracker. Pasting a node, undoing or opening a project leaves the overlays as they are.

Only the Roto paints. A SplineWarp's shapes, a PlanarTracker's area and the trackers' occlusion shapes get Select and Bezier alone (Bezier still holds ellipse and rectangle; no open spline, since an area is closed): no brushes, no swatch, and the brush keys do nothing there.

Clone preview

Before you paint, the clone brush's circle shows what it will copy, already moved by the clone offset, so you can line it up (reveal shows its bg1 input the same way). It fades towards the edge as one dab of the brush would, with its hardness and opacity. Ctrl+drag from the source to where it goes sets the offset; a dashed circle marks the source.

Remove brush

The remove brush paints an object out. It fills the stroke with texture taken from around it, so there is no clone source to set.

Pick remove under the Clone button, or in the brush type list of the settings row.
Paint over the thing to remove.

Here a word painted on a brick wall is taken out with one stroke:

The viewer during a remove stroke: a translucent red band over the word TAG on a brick wall, the Roto toolbar on the left and the brush settings row above with "remove" picked

The same wall after the mouse is released: the word is gone, filled with brick and mortar taken from around it

At render time the stroke's area is filled with patches from the surrounding picture, its grain is matched to the area around it, and the result is blended by the stroke's coverage. It only takes texture from where the input has pixels.

Settings: size, hardness and opacity, like any brush. Ctrl+drag does nothing here, because there is no source.
Speed: it runs on the CPU. A long stroke with a large brush takes about half a second to render.
Inpaint node: the same fill is the Inpaint node's default method, texture.

Healing

The remove brush heals what it fills, like a healing brush in a photo editor. The fill keeps the grain it copied, but its colour comes from what surrounds the stroke, blended in from every side. A wall lit brighter on one side than the other stays seamless: the fill follows the light from left to right and from top to bottom, with no flat patch of one average colour.

Points animate on their own

Each roto point has its own animation: its position, its two tangents and its feather point.

AutoKey (on by default, as in Nuke): the first button in the row above the viewer, with Select or a shape tool on. While it is on, drawing a shape keys it at the current frame, and editing its points on a frame keys the whole shape there, so the timeline and the dope sheet show it. Right-click the button to give it a key.
With AutoKey off, editing adds no key. On a frame that has a key, the edit changes that key. On a frame without one, an animated point's keys all move by the same amount, so the whole animation shifts; a point that isn't animated changes on every frame.
Ripple (after AutoKey, as Nuke's ripple edit): while it is on, moving a point applies the same move at each of that point's keys in the ripple range: all, from start (the keys up to this frame), to end (from this frame on) or a range of frames (from, to). Use it when a shape was roto'd consistently but slightly off. Nuke scripts' ripple settings come in.

Inserting a point on an animated shape keys the new point at every key of the shape, so the outline doesn't jump.

Strokes and shapes in the dope sheet

Every paint stroke, and every shape that doesn't live on all frames, has a row under its Roto node in the dope sheet, with its lifetime drawn as a bar and its keys on it. An open end reaches the project's first or last frame and is drawn dashed.

Drag the bar to slide the lifetime and every key of the stroke or shape together, by whole frames, in one undo step. Every selected bar moves together: click selects, Shift+click adds or removes.
Drag an end to move only that end. An open end becomes a frame.

The Bezier tool

Drawing

Click: a corner point. Click and drag: a smooth point; the drag pulls its handle.
Ctrl: constrains the next point to 5° steps from the last one.
Alignment guides: a magenta line appears when the point you place or drag lines up, horizontally or vertically, with another point. The guides buttons in the settings row pick "all shapes", "this shape" or "off" (off at first); G cycles through them.
Typed offsets: while drawing, press X or Y, type a distance in pixels (- flips the sign, Backspace edits), then press Enter. A corner point is placed that far from the last point. Esc cancels the typing.
Ctrl+Z or Backspace removes the last point. Esc cancels the shape.
Right after you close a shape, Ctrl+Z opens it again with all its points, so you can go on drawing; the next Ctrl+Z removes its last point.

Closing a shape

Click the first point, press Enter, or right-click: the shape closes, and the Select tool takes over to edit it. Press on the first point and drag to close with a curve: its handle follows the mouse, as when placing a point (Ctrl: 5 degree steps). Move the point after closing, with the Select tool.
Alt+click the first point, or Alt+right-click: closes with a straight last segment.
Shift+Alt+right-click: closes with a smooth join.

The new shape is selected in the list.

Holes

Ctrl+click right after closing a shape. The next shape you draw cuts a hole in it (its blending mode is set to minus).

Ellipse, rectangle and open spline

Each has its own button under Bezier.

The viewer over a brick wall: an ellipse and a rectangle drawn as translucent white shapes, and an open spline, a thick white stroke along a curve, its middle point selected with its round width handle on the stroke's dashed edge

Ellipse and rectangle

Drag a box in the viewer: the ellipse or rectangle fills it, corner to corner.
Shift while dragging: a circle or a square.
Ctrl while dragging: the box grows from where you pressed, its centre.

The result is an ordinary Bezier shape: an ellipse has four smooth points, a rectangle four corner points. You edit, key and animate it like a shape drawn with the Bezier tool, and it takes the paint colour and opacity, as other shapes do. Each shape is one undo step, and the Select tool takes over afterwards. A drag that starts on a point or a handle edits it instead.

Open spline

An open spline is a curve that is never closed or filled: it is drawn as a stroke along the curve, like a brush stroke you can edit point by point.

Draw it like a Bezier: click for a corner point, click and drag for a smooth one.
Enter or right-click ends it. Clicking its first point doesn't close it: it only grabs that point. Esc cancels it.
The width in the settings row sets how far the stroke reaches each side of the curve (10 pixels by default).
Each point has its own width too, a multiple of the spline's. Select a point: a small round handle shows on the stroke's edge. Drag it to widen or narrow the stroke at that point; the width changes smoothly to the next points.
The stroke's edge is drawn dashed in the viewer.

In the shape's settings: width (the whole spline's), start and end (rounded, or square: cut off at the end point), and the feather, which softens the stroke beyond its edge, with the same falloff types as shapes. Point widths can be keyed and animated like the points themselves.

Open splines in Nuke scripts are imported with their widths and end types, and exported back as Nuke open splines.

Editing (Select tool)

Drag a point or handle to move it. Ctrl+drag a point moves its feather point.
Z: smooth. Shift+Z: cusp.
Shift+drag a handle breaks it.
Ctrl+Alt+Shift+click on the curve inserts a point. Alt+Shift+click or Delete removes one.
Right-clicking a point gives the same commands.

Dodge and burn by range

In dodge or burn, the settings row has a range list:

all: classic colour dodge and burn.
shadows, midtones or highlights: changes exposure by stops, weighted toward that range of tones, like a photo editor's dodge and burn.

The stops slider shows when the range is not "all".

A ramp from black to white with two dodge strokes painted across its whole width: the upper one, in shadows, lightens only the darkest end; the lower one, in highlights, lightens only the bright half. The settings row shows dodge, highlights and stops 2

Black and white swatches

Under the toolbar buttons is a striped swatch: white | black | RGB.

The Roto toolbar: a button per tool, then the swatch in three parts, white, black and the RGB colour (orange)

Shift+X swaps black and white. From RGB, it goes to white.
C picks the RGB colour. Click RGB again to open the colour picker.

These keys work while a paint tool is active.

Painting a matte (output alpha). A stroke writes its colour's alpha into alpha, as Nuke's RotoPaint does. The black swatch is black in alpha too (0 0 0 0): it cuts the matte, and leaves RGB untouched. On a node drawing alpha only, picking a colour for a stroke (the RGB swatch's picker: its greys and hues, wheel, R G B or H S V values, hex, eyedropper; a stroke's colour in its list or its settings) sets the alpha to the colour's grey, so the matte gets what you see: black paints 0, white 1, a grey its value (a colour counts as bright as it looks: its luminance). Setting A yourself in the picker (its A value, or a hex with alpha) keeps it. The RGB swatch shows that alpha, the value it paints. With output rgba the alpha stays as you set it, so black with alpha 1 paints black over the plate. A colour with alpha 1 set by hand paints white into alpha, and where a stroke goes past the image it leaves its RGB over alpha 1.

Straight lines

Alt+click marks a starting point. Each further Alt+click paints a straight stroke from the last point. Add Shift to keep the line to 5° steps. Esc forgets the mark.

Over plate

A Paint Roto draws over its bg input: over plate is on, as on the trackers. Turn it off to get the shapes and strokes alone, on an empty background, to merge over something else later. Clone and reveal strokes then show what they copy, and nothing else. premultiply (on) gives the colour multiplied by the alpha, ready for a Merge over; off, the colour as painted with its alpha beside it.

Finding strokes

Above the node's list of shapes and strokes, the find field narrows it down: type a frame number to list the shapes and strokes that live on that frame (a stroke painted on frame 1042: type 1042), several frames or ranges (1,3,34, 1-23, or a mix such as 1-23, 40, 52-60), or part of a name. Clear the field to see them all again. With a paint tool active, Ctrl+A in the viewer selects every stroke in the list.

iso shows one shape or stroke alone: tick a row's iso box and every other one is hidden. Untick it and the ones it hid show again; any you had already turned off stay off. Ticking another row's iso moves it there. Iso is one undo step and is saved with the project.

To turn several boxes on or off at once (vis, lock, inv, mb), press on a box and drag up or down the column: every box you pass takes the state of the first one. The whole drag is one undo step. The same works in a tracker's track table and in the Outliner's eye column.

Master offset

Moves every stroke and shape of a Paint Roto node at once. With nothing selected in the node's list, the extra settings show an Offset tab:

Master Offset X and Y move the whole drawing. Keyframe them, or link them to a tracker's track (Ctrl+drag the track onto them). The strokes' own points never change.
Master Rotate (degrees) and Master Scale turn and scale the whole drawing about the pivot, which moves with the offset. Keyframe them, or link them to a Stabilize's or Match Move's solved rotate and scale w (Ctrl+drag them from its motion rows), with its center x and y on the pivot.
Keep Transform uses only the movement since a reference frame, so linking to a tracker doesn't jump the drawing to the track's position. Turning it on sets the reference frame to the current frame; the rotation and scale then count from their values there too. When the offset is linked to a track, turning it on also puts the pivot on the track's point at that frame.
Tweak X and Y, Tweak Rotate and Tweak Scale add corrections on top: rotations add up and scales multiply. Either side can be the linked one: link the master and correct by hand in the tweak, or the other way round.

The viewer draws the strokes where they render, and new strokes land under the mouse.

Clip to

The clip to setting says where the result is cut. A new Paint Roto starts on format, as in Nuke: shapes drawn past the frame are cut at its edge, so a transform or MatchMove further down can't bring them back into view. Choose none to keep everything outside the project format (a Paint Roto with no input masking a plate bigger than the format). The other choices work as in Nuke: bbox keeps only the input's area, format cuts at the format, union keeps the input's area and the format, intersect the input's area within the format. Rectangle and Radial have the same setting, starting on format.

Nuke scripts keep their own setting (Nuke's default is format), and Paint Roto nodes from projects saved before this setting worked keep showing what they showed (none). Where a shape goes past its input's area, the input's edge pixels continue under it, as in Nuke.

Other brush gestures

Ctrl while painting erases.
Shift+drag changes the brush size. Ctrl+Shift+drag changes its softness.
Pen pressure can drive opacity, size and hardness: use the ✎ switch next to each.
The eraser brings back the picture under every brush, not only under paint.